本文是一篇科普文章。作者分析了人们产生恐惧心理的内部和外部因素， 指出婴儿与生具有对环境的敏感并能做出不同反应，而幼年的经历、家庭环境以及父母的生活态度决定着人们在成长过程中能否克服悲观恐惧心理，不怕困难，艰苦努力，走向成功。
At all age and at al stages of life, fear presents a problem to almost everyone. “We are largely the playthings of our fears,” wrote the British author Horace Walpole many years ago. “To one, fear of the dark; to another, of physical pain; to a third of public ridicule; to a fourth, of poverty; to loneliness ---- for all of us our particular creature waits in a hidden place.”①
Fear is often a useful emotion. When you become frightened, many physical changes occur within your body. Your heartbeat and responses quicken; your pupils expand to admit more light;②a large quantities of energy-producing adrenaline （肾上腺素）are poured into your bloodstream. Confronted with a fire or accident, fear can fuel life-saving flight（逃离）. Similarly, when a danger is psychological rather than physical, fear can force you to take self-protective measures.②b It is only when fear is disproportional to the danger at hand that it becomes a problem.③
Some people are simply more vulnerable to fear than others. A visit to the newborn nursery of any large hospital will demonstrate that, from the moment of their births, a few fortunate infants respond calmly to sudden fear-producing situations such as a loudly slammed door. Yet a neighbor in the next bed may cry out with profound fright. From birth, he or she is more prone to learn fearful responses because he or she has inherited a tendency to be more sensitive.④
Further, psychologists know that our early experiences and relationships strongly shape and determine our later fears. ⑤A young man named Bill, for example, grew up with a father who regarded each adversity as a temporary obstacle to be overcome with imagination and courage. Using his father as am model ,Bill came to welcome adventure and to trust his own ability to solve problems.
Phil’s dad, however, spent most of his time trying to protect himself and his family. Afraid to risk the insecurity of a job change, he remained unhappy in one position. He avoided long vacations because “the car might break down. “ Growing up in such a home, Phil naturally learned to become fearful and tense.
注释：
① 有的人怕黑；而有的人怕痛；1/3的人怕在公众场合被嘲弄，1/4 害怕孤独------ 对于我们所有人来说，我们心里的这种特别之物躲藏在不易被察觉的地方，伺机出动。
② a你的心跳和反应加速，你的瞳孔扩张以接受更多的光线；b 同样，当危险的感觉属于心理因素而非身体感觉，恐惧会迫使你采取自我保护措施。
③ 只有当恐惧与所处危险不成比例的时候，恐惧才成为一个问题。
④ 婴儿与生俱来就能对恐惧做出反应，因为遗传的原因，他们对恐惧日趋敏感。
⑤ 近一步来说，心理学家们知道我们早期对恐惧的体验以及这种体验与恐惧的关系能很深刻地勾画出并决定着日后的恐惧心理的形态。
31. In the last sentence of Paragraph 1, “ our particular creature’ refers to ______.
A. fear of something B. a fierce beast
C. physical pain D. public ridicule
32. Fear can be useful emotion to us because it can _____.
A. stimulate many physical changes within our body
B. quicken our heartbeat and responses
C. pour large quantities of adrenaline into our bloodstream
D. help us respond quickly to danger and protect ourselves
33. Fear becomes a problem only when ______.
A. the danger is thought greater than it really is
B. the danger is more psychological than physical
C. one cannot stand the danger
D. one is not well prepared for it
34. Different responses of newborn infants to a loudly slammed door imply that ______.
A. some people are inherently more easily affected by danger
B. people’s response to stimuli is not an inherited feature
C. some people seem to be very sensitive to noise
D. people sometimes seem to turn a deaf ear to noise
35. Psychologists have found that our later fears are determined largely by our ______.
A. home education B. school education
C. parents’ lifestyle D. early experiences
key: 31-35 A D A A D
本文介绍了在繁殖后代过程中，雄雌海马生理特征和分工的不同,以及这种海底生物有趣的，独特的生活习性。
Sea horses are unusual parents. The female sea horses lay the eggs, but unlike other creatures, it’s the males that give birth to the young. ①and ⑤
Male sea horse have a fold of skin on their bellies that forms a pocket, called a brood pouch. During the breeding season, the sea horse’s pouch swells to receive eggs. A female sea horse lays up to 200 eggs at a time in the pouch. Then she swims off, leaving her male partner to care for the developing eggs and give birth to young sea horses. The female will return every day to check on her mate and the eggs, but she doesn’t stay long, nor does she take part in the birth.
It takes from to six weeks for the eggs in the male’s pouch to develop. During this time the male avoids open water and hides in sea grass. His big pouch makes it difficult form him to swim, so the male often uses his tail to grasp a piece of sea grass. Firmly, gripping the grass, he will stay perfectly still for hours or even days. The male sea horse will change his color to blend with his surroundings and avoid being seen by predators who will try to eat him or poke holes in his pouch to get the eggs. ③a
The eggs hatch inside the male’s pouch. When the babies begin moving around , the male sea horse knows it’s time for them to be born. He grabs a sea grass stem with his tail and begins rocking, bending his body back and forth．③b This causes the opening to enlarge until it is wide enough for the first baby sea horse to shoot out. The father sea horse continues rocking, bending, and stretching his baby sea horse to shoot our. The father sea horse continues rocking, bending, and stretching his body so that the rest of the babies can be born. Sometimes he has to press his pouch against a rock or some stiff seaweed to force the young out. ④
Sea horse babies are born in groups of five or more. Sometimes it takes two days for the father sea horse to give birth to all his young. He is very tiered when it’s over. ②
Soon after giving birth to one brood, the male will approach his mate and show her his empty pouch. This tells her he is ready to receive eggs again.
注释：
① 雌性海马产蛋，但雄性个体繁殖后代。
② 小海马以5个或更多为一组来到世间。有时雄性海马要化2天才能将所有的蛋孵化出
来。在完成之后它是非常累的。
③a 雄性海马要改变自身颜色目的是与四周环境颜色混同并防止被捕食类动物发现，而那些
捕食类动物试图吃掉它或戳破它的育儿袋以获取里面的蛋。
③b 雄性海马用自己的尾巴紧紧缠住海草的茎，并开始前后翻滚。
④ 有时它还得把身体紧靠在石头上或很硬的海草上，用力挤压育儿袋把即将出生的小海马挤出来。
36. What part does the female sea horse play in having babies?
A. Receive eggs. B. Laying eggs.
C. Hatching eggs D. Protecting eggs
37. What can be learned from the passage about giving birth to baby sea horses?
A. It is dangerous for the female. B. It happens once a year
C. It is hard work for the male D. It occurs in the deep sea.
38. To protect himself and his eggs, the male sea horse does all the following EXCEPT______.
A. changing his color B. gripping a piece of grass
C. staying motionless D. enlarging his pouch
39. The author suggests when sea horse babies are ready to be born _______.
A. the male sea horse seems very happy
B. it is difficult for them to come out
C. the female sea horse joins the male
D. they need large space in the pouch
40. Which fact does the author want the reader to remember most?
A. The male sea horse gives birth to the young.
B. The female sea horse lays up to 200 eggs at a time.
C. Baby sea horse are born in groups of five or more.
D. The female will return every day to check on the eggs.
36-40 B C D B A
这是一篇人文社会题材的文章。通过一个大学毕业生从事临时工的经历，使我们大致了解美国劳工部为还没有找到工作的大学毕业生提供临时工作岗位的原因以及他们从事这类工作时的心态。
When 23- year-old Eric Atienza graduated from college last year, he didn’t have a job. ①Not wanting to give up his apartment and move back with his parents, he did what many young Americans are doing: he signed up with a temp agency, which places workers on short-term jobs. Temporary workers such as Atienza comprise 20 percent of the US workforce. In 1985, 417,000 workers were classified as temporary help. In 2005, there are more than 2.5 million, according to Labour Department data. ②
Using temporary workers allows companies to increase or decrease the number of staff as their workloads change. It also allows companies to avoid the costs involved in hiring and firing long-term employees.
Many temp agency owners and career specialists say temping is a good way for recent graduates to get experience. “Short-term jobs let graduates try out different companies to find the best fit,” said Pegi Wheatley, owner of McCall Staffing, a San Francisco temp agency.
But things don’t always work out that way. “When I started temping, I had this notion that a temporary job could turn full-time. It worked for a friend of mine, but that didn’t happen for me,” ③, said Atienza, who quickly became bored with his office work. Atienza stayed with the temp agency because he could earn US $ 10 an hour doing office work. Other short-term jobs, such as working as a store clerk or in a café, pay about US $ 7.④
But there were trade-offs for the higher pay. Because in the US, health insurance is provided through employer, most temps are not eligible for workplace health benefits. ⑤Atienza ran the risk that an accident or illness would land him in the hospital with no way to pay the bill. Other drawbacks, though less serious, still mean that temping for most graduates is exactly what its name implies ---- a temporary choice. Instability, gaps between contracts, lack of vacation time and isolation from other employees are often- cited negatives.
“Temping gave me the time to figure out what I wanted to do, because I could pay off my bills. But none of that came from the jobs themselves,” said Atienza, who quit temping last month in favor of a full-time job.
注释：
① 当23岁的艾里克 爱坦扎 去年从大学毕业的时候，他还没有找到一份工作。
② 根据美国劳工部的统计，2005年从事临时性工作的劳工总数超过250万。
③ “当我开始干临时工时， 我还在想临时工终究会成为全职工。 我的一个朋友就碰上了这样的好运，但我没有。”
④ 爱坦扎一直求助于这个临时工介绍所，因为他可以得到一个工资为每小时10美元的办公室工作，而其它短期工作，如商店店员或咖啡店服务生，每小时工资只有7美元。
⑤ 因为在美国，健康保险是经由雇主提供的，而大多数提供临时性工作的单位不能为临时工提供健康福利。
41. Atienza took a short-term job mainly because _______.
A. he didn’t want to give up his apartment
B. he liked to try out different companies
C. he wanted to get more experience
D. he couldn’t find a long-term job
42. According to the passage, in the year of 2005, the United States had a workforce of more than ______.
A. 25 million
B. 12.5 million
C. 4.17 million
D. 2.5 million
43. Which is NOT mentioned as an advantage of temping?
A. It gives recent graduates experience.
B. It enables employers to adjust their workforce.
C. A temporary job will turn full-time.
D. Employers can reduce their costs.
44. Atinenza stayed with the temp agency for some time because______.
A. he liked his office work
B. he was satisfied with the pay
C. his employer provided health insurance
D. he hated gaps between contracts
45. What does the word “trade-offs” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. Benefits
B. Compromises
C. Risks
D. Disadvantages.
41-45 D B C B D
本文介绍了科学家如何运用一种新型生物科技-----基因改良技术在实验室内改变蚊子的基因，使之无法传播疟疾，继而进行科技攻关，将抗疟疾基因植入自然种群的蚊子胚胎中，以实现彻底根除疟疾的目标。
Scientists are hoping to eliminate malaria (疟疾 ) by developing a genetically modified mosquito that cannot transmit the disease. Malaria has long troubled the populations of South America, Africa, and Asia, where mosquito bites infect up to 500 million people a year with this serious and sometimes fatal parasitic blood disease. For generations, scientists have been trying to eliminate malaria by developing new drugs and using pesticide (杀虫剂) to wipe out local mosquito populations. But these measures aren’t working ---- and some scientists, like Greg Lanzaro, say that because of drug resistance and population changes, malaria is actually more prevalent now than it was 20 years ago. ① Lanzaro says he has a better way to stop the spread of malaria : genetically modifying mosquitoes so they are unable to carry the disease. ②
Lanzaro and his colleagues are planning a multi- year project to produce malaria- resistant mosquitoes ---- and he thinks they can do it within five years. “We can get foreign into mosquitoes and they go where they’re supposed to go,” Lanzaro says , pointing out that scientists have already succeeded in genetically engineering mosquitoes that cannot transmit malaria to birds and mice. And, he says, scientists are quickly making progress on genes that block transmission of the disease to humans as well. ③
The most difficult part scientifically, Lanzaro says, is figuring out how to get the lab-engineered mosquitoes to spread their genes into natural populations④ After all, he points out, it’s useless to engineer mosquitoes in the lab that can’t transmit malaria when there are millions out in the wild that can. To solve this problem, Lanzaro wants to load up a mobile piece of DNA with the malaria- resistant gene, and then insert it into a group of mosquito embryos. ⑤The malaria-resistant gene would be integrated directly into the mosquitoes’ DNA, making it impossible for those mosquitoes to transmit the parasite that causes malaria. In this way a small group of lab-raised mosquitoes could be released into the wild, and by interbreeding with wild mosquitoes, eventually transmit the beneficial gene to the entire population.
注释：
① 一些科学家，如格里格·蓝扎洛说因为蚊子能抵抗杀虫剂并且种群数量发生变化，这些原因导致疟疾的肆虐比20年前更有过之而无不及。
② 蓝扎洛说他有一套对付疟疾传播的更好办法，就是将蚊子进行基因改良，使它们无法携带疟疾的病原体。
③蓝扎洛指出科学家们已经成功地在蚊子身上进行了基因改良工程，使它们无法将疟疾传播给鸟类和老鼠。同时，他还说，科学家们正在迅速进行基因科技功关，以阻止蚊子将疟疾传播给人类。
④蓝扎洛说技术上最艰难的部分是如何想出办法，让实验室内接受了抗疟疾基因工程改良的蚊子将它们的抗疟疾基因传入无这种抗疟疾基因的蚊子自然种群。
⑤ 为了解决这个问题，蓝扎洛希望将抗疟疾基因中的动态的单体DNA 进行聚合，并将其植入一组蚊子胚胎中。
46. One reason for malaria to be more widespread now is that ______.
A. more people have moved to malaria-infected areas
B. mosquitoes have become resistant to pesticides
C. genetically modified mosquitoes still transmit the disease
D. mosquitoes bite as many as 500 million people a year
47. Lanzaro is hopeful that in a few year man can ______.
A. start to eliminate malaria
B. cure parasitic blood diseases
C. prevent mice form transmitting parasites
D. acquire immunity against malaria
48. Lanzaro is confident that scientists can block the transmissions of malaria to humans because
_______.
A. natural mosquito populations do not change
B. scientists have succeeded with birds and mice
C. foreign genes always go where they are required
D. lab- raised mosquitoes will not be resistant to drugs
49. What is the most difficult part of Lanzaro’s project?
A. Spreading malaria- resistant genes into natural mosquito populations
B. Raising malaria- resistant mosquitoes
C. Making genes that block the transmission of malaria
D. Identifying malaria-resistant genes
50. According to the passage , a fundamental way to wipe out malaria is to ______.
A. develop new malaria-resistant drugs
B. produce effective pesticides to kill mosquitoes
C. change the genetic makeup of mosquitoes
D. remove people from malaria – infected areas
46-50 B A B A C
本文阐述了职场白领对于“年度绩效评估”的态度，指出雇员对“年度绩效评估”应保持平和心态，不应计较过去雇主对自己的“不公正评价”，而是要放眼未来，提高业绩。
According to Scott Adams, creator of the comic strip (系列漫画) Dilbert, the annual performance review is “one of the most frightening and weakening experiences in every employee’s life. Adam’s stories and comic figures poke fun at the workplace, but his characterization of people’s feelings about the annual performance review has its serious side. ① ⑤ Although a recent study of 437 companies indicates that effective annual performance reviews can help raise profits, most employees of those companies hate them.
In theory, annual performance reviews are constructive and positive interactions between managers and employees working together to attain maximum performance and strengthen the organization. In reality, they often create division, undermine morale, and spark anger and jealousy. ② Thus although the object of the annual performance review is to improve performance, it often has the opposite result. A programmer at an IT firm was stunned to learn at her annual performance review that she was denied a promotion because she wasn’t a “term player.” What were the data used to make this judgment? She didn’t smile in the company photo.
Although this story might sound as if it came straight out of Dilbert, it is a true account of one woman’s experience. By following a few ideas and guidelines from industry analysis, this kind of ordeal can be avoided: ③
To end the year with a positive and useful performance review, managers and employees must start the year by working together to establish clear goals and expectations.
It may be helpful to allow employees to propose a list of people associated with the company who will be in a good position to assess their performance at the end of the year; these people may be co-workers, suppliers ,or even customers.
Goals should be measurable but flexible, and everyone should sign off on the plan.
By checking employees’ progress at about nine months, managers can give them a chance to correct mistakes and provide guidance to those who need it before the year is out.
When conducting the review, managers should highlight strengths and weaknesses during the past year and discuss future responsibilities, avoiding punishment or blame.
In short, when employees leave their performance reviews, they should be focusing on what they can do better in the year ahead, not worrying about what went into their files about the past. ④
注释：
① 在亚当斯漫画故事中，他塑造的漫画形象对工作场所进行了恶意嘲讽，不过他所描绘的职员对“年度绩效评估”的心态感受还是有其严肃一面的。
② 在现实中，年度绩效评估经常导致职员产生分歧，破坏士气，点燃愤怒火种和引发嫉妒心理。
③ 第2段说尽管进行年度绩效评估是为了改善业绩，但其效果适得其反。文中IT业女程序员由于看到上司对自己的评价是“外行”而郁闷。而第三段作者建议遵照几点产业分析建议，可以避免这种“ ” ，由此可见，引号内是对前述郁闷经历的总结，因此答案是C。
④ 总而言之，当雇员将绩效评估放在一旁时，他们应该关注于下年如何做得更好，而不是担心过去一年什么样的操行会被记入档案。
⑤ 根据第一段第2句：尽管亚当斯在系列漫画“呆伯特”中对职场进行了辛辣讽刺，但他所描绘的职员对“年度绩效评估”的心态感受还是有其严肃一面的。因此可判断作者对这套漫画的内容给予了相对肯定的评价。所以答案是C。
51. In his comic strip Dilbert, Scott Adams _______.
A. make fun of working people
B. tells a story about as woman employee
C. promote team spirit among co-workers
D. mocks annual performance reviews
52. All the following are mentioned as the drawbacks of annual performance reviews EXCEPT
________.
A. reducing efficiency
B. creating tension
C. undermining morale
D. inducing anger
53. The word “ordeal” Paragraph 3 probably refers to _____.
A. likelihood of promotion
B. depressive experience
C. poor performance
D. unrealistic expectation
54. The annual performance reviews, to be effective, must focus on ________.
A. making employees aware of their company’s future goals
B. involving employees in assessing their own performance
C. encouraging employees to achieve better future performance
D. highlighting what responsibilities employees have failed in
55. The general attitude of the author toward Adam’s comic strip Dilbert is ________.
A. negative
B. positive
C. neutral
D. unclear
51-55 D A B C B
