Section B
Passage 1
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __1__on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior__2__they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __3__with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in __4__to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __5__the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __6__lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are__7__to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly__8__juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __9__to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __10__make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in turn lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __11__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __12__was common in the traditional family __13__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __14__causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,__15__a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
1. A. acting B. relying C. centering D. commenting
2. A. before B. unless C. until D. because
3. A. interactions B. assimilation C. cooperation D. consultation
4. A. return B. reply C. reference D. response
5. A. considering B. ignoring C. highlighting D. discarding
6. A. on B. in C. for D. with
7. A. immune B. resistant C. sensitive D. subject
8. A. affect B. reduce C. chock D. reflect
9. A. point B. lead C. come D. amount
10. A. in general B. on average C. by contrast D. at length
11. A. contrarily B. consequently C. similarly D. simultaneously
12. A. than B. that C. which D. as
13. A. system B. structure C. concept D. heritage
14. A. assessable B. identifiable C. negligible D. incredible
15. A. provided B. since C. although D. supposing
