形容词与副词的比较级与最高级
1. 考比较级时,考生应把握:
(1) 形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。
例:Do you enjoy listening to records?I find records are often as good as,or better than an actual performance. 你喜欢听唱片吗?我发现唱片往往和现场演奏一样好,甚至好于现场演奏。
在这里,as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现的时候,不能省略任何一个介词。
(2) 比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,即比较要具有可比性。
例1:The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half as that of last year’s. 今年报名参加马拉松的选手人数只有去年的一半。
前后相比的应该是今年和去年报名参加的人数“the number of”,故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”。
例2:Young readers,more often than not,find the novels of Dickens’ far more exciting than Thackeray’s. 年轻的读者往往发现狄更斯的小说比萨克雷的小说有趣得多。
(3) 比较级与倍数词关系及其位置。
原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为…… 若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起的时候,它们的位置是,倍数词+as...as...,或倍数词+more...than...。
例1:Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. 吸烟对人体健康非常有害,每年死于吸烟的人数是死于车祸人数的7倍。
例2:—— “Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”
——“No,I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”
——“花500美元买这幅画,你后悔吗?”
——“不,即使花现在价格的两倍来买,我也很高兴。”
(4) 下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:inferior,minor,senior,prior,prefer to,superior,major,junior,preferable,differ from,compared with,in comparison with,different from,rather than。
例1:Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market. 他们的表比市场中其他的表要好。
例2:Prior to his departure,he addressed a letter to his daughter. 离开之前,他写了封信给女儿。
(5) “比较级 + and + 比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever,steadily,daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get ,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,需要注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than。例如:
Things are getting worse and worse. 事情变得越来越糟。
As I spoke to him,he became less and less angry. 当我和他说话的时候,他的怒气逐渐减少。
Her health was becoming daily worse. 她的健康每况愈下。
The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.
(6) 比较级前面可以用even,still,yet ,all the(more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思。例如:
Today it is even colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天还冷。
I have yet more exciting news for you. 我还有更让人激动的消息告诉你呢。
(7) 有关比较级的特殊句型:
①not so much...as...与其说……不如说……,例如:
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。
②no/not any more...than... 两者都不……,例如:
例1:The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain. 心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,它们都受大脑控制。
例2:There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
③no/not any less...than...两者一样,都……。注意基本上与no/not any more...than意思相反。例如:
She is no less beautiful than her sister. 她和她姐姐一样漂亮。
④just as... so... 正如……,……也……(用倒装结构),例如:
Just as the soil is a part of the earth,so is the atmosphere. 土壤和大气都是地球的一部分。
2. 最高级形式应注意的问题:
(1) 最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among。
in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:in China,all over the world.
of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:among the teachers,of the four dresses.注意:among...相当于one of...,不能说among all...。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来。例如:
Of all visible lights,red light has the longest and violet has the shortest wavelength.
在所有的可见光里,红外线的波长最长,紫外线的波长最短。
(2) 比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:
any other + 单数名词/the other + 复数名词 /the others/anyone/anything else
上述单词是用于将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。
(3) most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:a most interesting book,most expensive restaurants,要注意与 “the +形容词最高级 + of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,例如:
They have been most kind to me. 他们对我非常好。
Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country. 在这个国家,篮球是最受欢迎的运动。
Chinese is the most difficult of language. 中文是最难的语言。
Chinese is a most difficult language. 中文是一门很难的语言。
3. 不用比较级和最高级的形容词:
(1) 表示颜色的有:white,black等。
(2) 表示形态的有:round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形),level 等。
(3) 表示性质和特征的有:atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy等。
(4) 表示状态做表语的有:afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike等。
(5) 表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final等。
(6) 表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief minor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorit等。
(7) 含有绝对概念的有:absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete等。
4. 平行结构与比较级:
平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。例如:
The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. 一位理想的听众,在倾听欣赏音乐时,既沉浸其中又游离之外,就像作家在作曲时一样。
大多数情况下,平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比,如:not only...but(also),prefer...to...,rather than;有的是同类对比,如:and,but,or,both... and...,either...or...,neither...nor...。
平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:
(1) 注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。
例1:It is better to die one’s feet than to live on one’s knees. 宁可站着死,绝不跪着生。
例2:Despite the temporary difficulties,the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it. 尽管暂时有困难,经理还是想增加产量,而不是减少产量。
(2) 其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。
①rather than,let alone 虽不是并列连词,但在结构上可以连接两个语法形式相同的成分。
例1:We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style. 我们知道公务信件应该用正式的格式,而不是按照个人的风格来写。
例2:For the new country to survive,let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required. 这个国家的生存和繁荣需要新的经济政策。
②如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来,第二个介词不要省略。例如:
At times,more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials. 有时,人们更重视编写报纸杂志的广告,而不重视编写特写和社评。