Passage Five
The immune system is the body’s defender. It identifies, tracks down, and destroys troublemakers before they can hurt the body. Those troublemakers maybe, for example, bacteria from a cut or splinter, a measles germ, a cold bug, or even a cancer cell.
These invaders try to take over our tissues and feed off our bodies’ nutrients. If they succeed, we become sick or, sometimes, even die. It’s the job of our immune systems to destroy these invaders before they destroy us.
Say you picked up a flu virus last week. Perhaps it entered your body through a cut, from a drinking glass, or from the air you breathe. Of course, you didn’t feel it, but the virus made its way into your bloodstream. As soon as it entered your body, it began to reproduce. Viruses have only one goal: to take over your cells. Once inside your body, viruses try to enter cells and disrupt their normal work. If left alone, these viruses would hurt so many cells that you would weaken, or worse, get a serious disease.
But this flu virus should not be so complacent as it seems to be. As it reproduces in your bloodstream, the virus is met by a certain kind of white blood cell, the lymphocytes. The lymphocytes are the foot soldiers that keep you alive.
The number of lymphocytes in your body is hard to imagine. Thousands of them could fit in the period at the end of this sentence. Your body holds about a trillion—that’s 1, 000, 000, 000, 000 of them, or about 3,
Some of these lymphocytes pass through a small walnut-sized organ called the thymus. The thymus is the base of the neck. Here, special hormones turn lymphocytes into fighting cells, called T cells.
T cells have one terrific talent：they can tell the difference between friend and foe；what should be in our bodies and what shouldn’t. They do not affect the body’s healthy cells. Yet they attack everything that is foreign to our bodies, such germs, transplants, and even our own cells which have become abnormal, as in the case of cancer.
21. What is the function of our immune system？
A. To take over our tissues and feed off our bodies’nutrients.
B. To prevent bacteria or germs from entering the body.
C. To destroy the troublemakers in order that they might not hurt the body.
D. To fight against T cells.
22. What does the word “lymphocytes” in Para.4 mean？
A. Foot soldiers. B. Flu virus.
C. White blood cells. D. Trouble makers.
23. The last sentence in Para.5 “Since you began reading this sentence, over 800, 000 of them have been created and destroyed” implies that .
A. this sentence contributes to the increase of the number of lymphocytes in your body
B. you would not realize that lymphocytes reproduce themselves rapidly but for this sentence
C. because you read this sentence, a large number of lymphocytes have been consumed
D. the number of lymphocytes in your body is extremely large
24. Which of the following questions can NOT be detected by T cells？
A. Thymus. B. Transplants.
C. Cancer cells. D. Healthy cells.
25. Which of the following questions best summaries the main idea of the whole passage？
A. How does the immune system attack the flu virus？
B. How does the immune system function in our body？
C. How do the lymphocytes work in our body？
D. What is the so-called immune system？
Passage Six
Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes into contact with them. Their values-this can't be repeated too often-are not necessarily our values. Physical comfort，cleanness and order are not necessarily the most important things. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat with decaying（腐烂）food covered by small worms，and an old person lying alone on bed，taking no notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms，think we are in danger of carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old.
Indeed，the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car: it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare parts. But never forget that such operations are painful experiences，however good the results. And at what point should you cease to treat the old body? Is it morally right to try to push off death by continuing the development of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to make the old body active, knowing that it is designed to die? You cannot ask doctors or scientists to decide，because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try, on the principle that while there is life，there is hope.
When you talk to the old people, however, you are forced to the conclusion that whether age is happy or unpleasant depends less on money or on health than it does on your ability to have fun.
26. It is implied in
A. very old people enjoy living with their relatives
B. social services have nothing to do with very old people
C. very old people would like to live alone so that they can have more personal freedom
D. very old people are able to keep their rooms very clean
27. Some social workers think that _________.
A. health and safety are more important than personal freedom
B. personal freedom is more important than health and safety
C. old people should keep their rooms clean
D. one should not take risks dealing with old people
28. In the author's opinion, _________.
A. the human body can't be compared to a car
B. the older a person，the more care he needs
C. too much emphasis has been put on old people’s values
D. it is easy to provide spare parts for old people
29. The word “it” in the last paragraph refers to _________.
A. the conclusion you have come to
B. whether age is happy or unpleasant
C. your talk to the old people
D. one’s money or one’s health
30. The author thinks that _________.
A. medical decisions for old people should be left to the doctors
B. old people can enjoy a happy life only if they are very rich
C. the opinion that we should try every means possible to save old people is doubtful
D. it is always morally right to treat old people and push off death
答案解析
Passage Five
［短文大意］本文是一篇介绍医疗知识的说明文，重点介绍人体免疫系统是怎样发挥作用的。文章第一段介绍了什么是免疫系统；第二段至第五段通过举例详细解释了免疫系统是如何发挥作用的。
［题目解释］
21. C. 细节题。可套用公式正确答案+题干关键词≈原文中含有题干关键词的一句话+题干关键词。根据题干关键词“the function of our immune system”回查它在原文中的位置：第一段第二句“It identifies，tracks down，and destroys troublemakers before they can hurt the body”，据此来判断哪个答案选项与它表达最为近似即可。因此，正确答案是C选项。
22. C. 词义猜测题。可套用公式正确答案≈上下文中对该词的解释。根据第四段第二句中的“the virus is met by a certain kind of white blood cell，the lymphocytes”的表述可知the lymphocytes（淋巴细胞）是a certain kind of white blood cell（白血细胞的一种类型）的同位语，也就是用相关的科学术语重述解释相应的现象或事物，二者的含义相同。故正确答案是C选项。
23. D. 例证释义题。回查作者在原文第五段中举的一个非常形象的例子，来说明该段的主题句“The number of lymphocytes in your body is hard to imagine”。这句话只是用具体的数字说明了白血球的数量大得惊人，和“reading this sentence”本身无关，所以正确答案是D选项。
24. A. 推断题。根据题干关键词T cells 可以迅速找到其在原文中的出处，即全文最后一段。特别是根据该段段首句“T cells have one terrific talent：they can tell the difference between friend and foe”可知T cells可以区别敌人和朋友。而且该段下文中指明了朋友是Healthy cells，敌人是transplants和 our own cells which have become abnormal，as in the case of cancer。因此，B、C、D三个选项都是T cells可以察觉到的；只有A选项既不是敌人也不是朋友，而是颈部的一个器官。
25. B. 主旨题。可套用公式主旨≠文章某一部分的内容，利用排除法做题。A选项只是涵盖了第二段的内容，只是作者为了解释免疫系统的作用所举的一个例子，不是文章的主旨；C选项也只是文章第四、第五段所讨论的内容，讲的仅是免疫系统中一种细胞的作用；D选项只涉及了文章第一段的内容，也只是解释了什么是免疫系统而已。以上三个选项都不够全面，所以都应予以排除。只有B选项最为全面和准确地概括了全文的主旨：人体免疫系统是怎样发挥作用的。
Passage Six
在对待老人的问题上存在着道德上的两难：要尊重他们选择独自生活的自由就要冒着不顾他们身体健康和生命安全的危险；要维持他们注定要死去的生命就不得不让他们忍受肉体的痛苦。老年人的快乐与否主要靠的是获得快乐的能力，金钱或健康对此帮助并不大。
26．C文章第一段中说，老人的价值观与我们的价值观是不一样的。身体的舒服、整洁对他们来说并不重要。由此我们可以推断，如果老人与年轻人生活在一起，他们会感受到许多不便，因为年轻人与他们不同，年轻人喜欢舒服和整洁。因此老人，特别是年龄非常大的人喜欢独自生活，因为这样他们能有更多的个人自由。
27. A文中第一段最后一句说：“一些清理蠕虫的社会工作者认为，在这一点上使用个人自由这个概念是危险的，因为这意味着我们要冒着置老人的身体健康和生命安全于不顾的危险。”由此我们可以推断：这些社会工作者认为身体健康和生命安全比个人自由更重要。所以选项A正确。
28. A文中第二段第四句说：“但是永远不要忘了这样的手术都是令人非常痛苦的经历，无论最后取得了多么好的疗效。”由此可以看出，作者虽然在第二段第二句中把身体比喻成一辆汽车，当它变老时需要机械维护。但汽车是无生命的，而人的身体是有强烈感受的，所以不能像替换汽车零件那样替换人的身体组织，在这点上人体与汽车有着严格的不同。由此我们可以看出，人体不能与汽车相比才是作者的真实观点。
29. B文中最后一段说：“然而，当你与老人交谈时，你就不得不得出这样一个结论：晚年的快乐与否更多地依赖你获得快乐的能力，而靠钱和健康获得的快乐并不多。”在这里“it”一词应指代“whether age is happy or unpleasant"，因为这里由“that”一词引导的同位语从句是两个比较句，这两个比较句的句子结构应是相同的，主语都应是“whether”一词引导的主语从句。
30. C这是一道推断题。此文主要说明我们在对待老人的问题上存在着两难：尊重他们的自由就顾及不了他们的健康；极力挽救他们的生命就要让他们忍受巨大的肉体痛苦。两难的根本原因就是文中第一段所交代的：老人的价值观与我们的价值观不同。所以作者对我们应该用所有可能的方法去挽救老年人的生命这一观点是持怀疑态度的。
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