3.常用于表示先后次序的过渡词语及句子
(1)first,second,third…第一,第二,第三
例:first,she had studied chemistry during her sophomore and junior years.second,she never missed a class.third,she performed every required experiment in all her chemistry courses.fourth,she always worked hard.her classmates were sure that she would win top award in chemistry during her senior year at the university.首先,她在一二年级时就选修了化学课程。其次,她从不误课。再有,她认真完成每一次化学试验。还有,她学习非常刻苦。因而同学们确信她在高年级时会获得学校化学大奖。
(2)to begin with…,moreover…,finally…,首先…,此外…,最后…
例:there are a few reasons for his decision of studying law.to begin with,he is very interested in social affairs and it seems the best way to enable him to engage in these activities.moreover,his father is a lawyer.he has always encouraged him to do something similar.finally,he is sure he can get a job after graduation.他决定学法律有几方面的原因:首先,他对社会事物感兴趣,学习法律有助于他参与这些活动。此外,他父亲是个律师,一直鼓励他从事同样的职业。最后,他确信毕业后能找到工作。
(3)meanwhile同时
例:meanwhile,the better skills and knowledge children possess,the more opportunities they will be ensured.同时,孩子们的技艺与知识掌握得越好,今后的机会就越多。
(4)since then自此之后
例:since then,the olympics turned out to be an instrument of peace and freedom for small nations.自此之后,奥林匹克运动成为小国争取和平和自由的工具。
(5)therefore因而
例:therefore,if this is included in good education that parents are seeking now,their children will be definitely ensured a bright future.因而,如果父母们在其为孩子们寻求的良好教育中加入这一点,他们的子女肯定会有一个光辉灿烂的未来。
4.常用于表示因果关系及分析原因的过渡词语与句子
(1)as a result由于…结果
例:her performance in college was excellent.as a result,she has got a satisfactory job.由于她在大学成绩优异,她找到一份令人满意的工作。
(2)due to由于
例:my trip to guang zhou and shen zhen has to be cancelled due to the financial problem.由于财务问题,我去广州和深圳的旅行取消了。
(3)consequently结果,因此
例:the government was unwilling to risk a conflict with that neibouring country,and consequently,promised to sign the treaty.该国政府不愿冒险与邻国发生冲突,因此答应签署条约。
(4)one may criticise……for……,but the real cause of…lies deeper人们可以因为…批评…,但是…的真正原因在更深层次
例:one may criticise the school authorities for the fire accident,but the real reason of the accident lies deeper.人们可以就火灾事故批评校领导,但事故还有更深的原因。
(5)among…reasons,one should be emphasized that…在众多的原因中,其中一点给予强调…
例:among the most important reasons,one reason should be emphasized that large pieces of cultivated land have been occupied,which results in the grain shortage.在许多重要的原因中,其中一点应强调的是造成粮食减产是因为大量的可耕地被占用。
5.常用于比较和对比的过渡词
(1)unlike…与…不同
例:unlike oral english,written english is comparatively formal.与口头英语不同,笔头英语比较正规。
(2)in contrast…与之相比
例:in contrast with tom,mario seldom studies harder.与汤姆比,玛里奥很少努力学习。
(3)on the other hand…另一方面
例:the life expectancy in developing countries has increased during the past thirty years.on the other hand,the infant mortality has decreased from twenty percent to ten percent in the same period.发展中国家的期望寿命在过去的30年间都增长了。另一方面婴儿死亡率同期由20%下降到10%.
(4)likewise同样
例:plenty of food must be packed for the journey;likewise,warm clothes will also be needed.要带上旅行中吃的食品,同样也需要带上御寒保暖的衣服。
(5)similarly同样
例:if only one can make his audience understood,it seems insignificant if one makes some mistakes in his oral english;similarly,as to the audience,they are only interested in grasping the meaning,not actually mind or even hardly notice the speakers mistakes.只要能使听众听明白,在口头英语中出一些错误是无关紧要的,同样作为听众也只对讲话者的意思感兴趣,根本不介意或几乎注意不到讲话者所犯的口语错误。
六、对考生的几点建议
以下几方面是考生在复习准备期间和考试时应特别注意的:
(一)考前准备
考生在考前应写几篇短文,按照本书提供的练习,先找自己感兴趣的题目写。对一些从没写过英语作文的考生来说,要克服畏难情绪,写第一篇作文时,考生有可能出现较多较严重的错误,但不要紧,因为只有迈出第一步,才能取得更大的进步,否则会永远停留在不会写的水平上。建议考生自己动笔,写前不要看范文,可以参考一下写作提示,写完后再与范文对照。另外,不要死记硬背范文,考生应从范文中找出自己喜好和需要的句型或词汇记忆,因为作文没有唯一的标准答案,只要写得好就会得高分。
(二)避免写错句
作文要表达清楚,错句、语病太多肯定影响表达思想。因而考生在写作时一定要首先做到尽可能地减少错误,在此基础上才可以考虑有一些句式的变化。如果为了追求句式的变化而出现一些本来可以避免的错误,同样会影响成绩。同时,写作时还应避开自己不会用英文表达的思想,使用自己有把握的句型和词汇,这样才能更好地避免错误。
(三)篇幅适中
由于写作的时间只有30分钟,篇幅要求100词左右,因此考生在确定段落的主题句之后,只要围绕段落的中心思想写三至五句,把意思表达清楚即可。一般情况下,一篇三段文的短篇,各段的长度应相差不多,不应在前二段中花太多的时间,而后一段只匆匆写了一句,这样做也会影响成绩。
(四)修改定稿
修改定稿是考生在考场应试时决不能缺少的一步。考生在30分钟的写作考试中应留出2至3分钟,把自己的作文通读一遍,检查错句及语病。相当多的考生是能分辨错误的,只是写时未加注意,只要认真检查,许多常见错误如主谓一致问题、大小写问题、拼写及标点符号等都是可以自己更正的。如果考生在平时的写作训练中抓住这一环节养成习惯,正式考试时就不会忽视修改定稿了。